Assignment Task
It is critical to ‘get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth‘ (Business Council of Australia 2010, p. 7).
Paraphrasing
Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation.
Book with no known author
In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title.
Direct quote
Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is ‘a major provider of international education and training services’.
Paraphrasing
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004).
Book with two or three authors
Direct quote
Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue ‘that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies’.
Paraphrasing
To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis & Lewis 2015).
Remember: use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence.
Book with four or more authors
For in-text citations, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year.
Direct quote
Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues ‘that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial foundation upon which to secure income …’.
Paraphrasing
Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).
Multiple books by the same author
Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order.
Paraphrasing
The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).
Book chapter
When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the editor(s) details of the book.
If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list.
If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).
Direct quote
‘Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia’ (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.
E-book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
E-book from a Library database (HTML format)
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.’A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only one of many that influence how we think about this topic’ (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).
E-book from a website (HTML format)
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section heading, and paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that ‘neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the “settlers from convicts” better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious’.
Paraphrasing
The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia’s economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an authorIf there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
The ABC system is used ‘to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower development’ (Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).
Paraphrasing
During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower organ into another form (Dictionary of biology 2014).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an authorDirect quote
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
‘Focused reflection is a key element of most action research models. One activity essential to reflection is referred to as metacognition, or thinking about thinking’ (Adams 2010, Action research entry).
Paraphrasing
When undertaking action research, the researcher reflects on the research process and what has been learnt in practice (Adams 2010).
Brochure or pamphletIf there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.
‘Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement’ (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Co-tenancy section).
Paraphrasing
The shared household fact sheet provides information for people sharing a house or unit (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010).
Exhibition catalogue
Direct quote
Di Trocchio et al. (2011, p. 9) state that ‘ManStyle is the first exhibition in Australia to focus on international and Australian men’s fashion from the eighteenth century to the present’.
Paraphrasing
A traditional style of suit is the double-breasted pinstripe in navy (Di Trocchio et al. 2011).
Journal article with single author
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that ‘a key moment of adjustment for refugee and asylum seeking students lies in the process of recognition by peers’.
Paraphrasing
Having mental health services based in schools can be beneficial for refugee students in adjusting to a new life (Fazel 2015).
Journal article with two or three authors
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
Direct quote
‘Sustainability engineering can be broadly defined as the integration of sustainability issues in the various activities associated with engineering practice’ (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012, p. 50).
Paraphrasing
In engineering, the definition of sustainable development will change as different interpretations of the concept are utilised (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012).
Journal article with four or more authors
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
Direct quote
‘Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media engagement in science communication’ (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).
Paraphrasing
Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when engaging with the science community.
E-journal articlesE-journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
Journal article from a Library online database (HTML format)For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries’ (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).
Paraphrasing
The expectation of tourists … (Hosany & Martin 2012).
Journal article from a webpage (HTML format)For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is ‘less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the aspiration in the first place’.
Paraphrasing
Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more carefully.
Printed newspaper article with no author
If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016). Italicise the newspaper title.
A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.
Direct quote
‘Australia’s aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services’ (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).
Paraphrasing
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
Printed newspaper article with a known author
Direct quote
‘Australians are piling into Melbourne’s central business district at a record rate’ (Martin 2014, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
The City of Melbourne’s population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format)Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that ‘it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law’.
Paraphrasing
The Gillard government … (Carney 2012).
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘There is also the risk that the tweeting citizen journalist, unaware of court reporting laws, may include material which should be excluded’ (Banks 2010, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
Guidelines for the use of social media tools in courts … (Banks 2010).
Blog or blog post
A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.
If there is no author(s) name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).
List the format of the entry (for example: blog or blog post).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Direct quote
Include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisper (2013, para. 16) notes that one of the top five PhD emotions is ‘elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it’.
Paraphrasing
When undertaking a literature review … (Thesis Whisperer 2013).
Social MediaSocial media is usually referenced as you would a website.
If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
List the name of the platform (for example: Facebook, Twitter).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
Direct quote
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated that ‘it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy’ (Obama 2016).
Paraphrasing
Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to …
Webpage or document
As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
If a webpage or web document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of the document in italics followed by the date. If there is no date, use n.d.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
The tables are intended ‘to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule’ (World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2014).
Australian Bureau of Statistics report
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and improved quality of life’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).
Paraphrasing
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will be 84 years.
Government or organisation report
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
This ‘review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five years of the TEQSA Act’s operation’ (Department of Education and Training 2016, para. 3).
Paraphrasing
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will examine … (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Standards
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm’ (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).
Paraphrasing
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to … (Standards Australia 2010).
Company, industry or market report from a Library databaseAs details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections’ (Lo 2016, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase …
Company, industry or market report from a websiteAs details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia continues to be the focus of some attention’ (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).
Paraphrasing
Wesfarmers Limited (2015) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.
DVD film or television program
Reference the title of the film or television program in italics followed by the date of the production.
Direct quote
‘You [are] not an artist, Coco. You [are] a shopkeeper’ (Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010).
Paraphrasing
Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.
Podcast
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.
Direct quote
Isherwood (2012) stated that ‘problem solving drives creativity …’.
Paraphrasing
In a guest lecture, Isherwood (2012) spoke about creativity in advertising.
Streaming video / YouTube videoIf the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, reference the video by the author(s) family or corporate name and the year of the video.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, reference the title of the video (in italics) and the year of the video.
Direct quote
‘Subject guides are mini-websites for each subject area. They show you all the best places to look for information on what [you are] studying’ (RMIT University 2014).
Paraphrasing
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking (2012) explores the concept of what is design thinking.
Sound recordingIf the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording (for example: album or CD) is known, reference the sound recording by the artist(s) family name or band name and the year of the sound recording.
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording is unknown, reference the title of the sound recording (in italics) and the year of the sound recording.
Generally, the title of the album or CD will be included in the in-text reference. However, if you have only listened to a single track, then the name of the single track will be included in the in-text reference.
Direct quote
The first line of Patti Smith’s version of Gloria ‘Jesus died for somebody’s sins but not mine’ is interpreted as … (Smith 1975).
Paraphrasing
Patti Smith’s 1975 album Horses is interpreted as her introduction to the punk movement (Smith 1975).
ImagesGeneral rules for images
RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of images and figures:
drawings and illustrations
paintings
photographs
posters and prints
maps
graphs
tables
charts
infographics
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