Assignment Task
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will include the results of the study. The aim was to examine the effect of different pushing techniques considered by parturient women during the second stage on labor outcomes and fetal outcomes, and the level of postpartum fatigue. Thus, the study objectives were to evaluate the effect of the physiological pushing technique performed by Parturient women during the second stage on labor outcomes and level of postpartum maternal fatigue, to evaluate the effect of the directed pushing technique performed by Parturient women during the second stage on labor outcomes and postpartum maternal fatigue level, to compare the effects of the two different pushing techniques during the second stage on labor outcomes and level of postpartum maternal fatigue.
The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Quantitative data were presented using mean and standard deviation while qualitative data were summarized using numbers and percentages. Physiological and directed pushing techniques were compared with different characteristics of the women by using the Chi-square test. Furthermore, VAS-F subscales were compared with the two different techniques by using an independent t-test. Similarly, the paired comparison of fatigue subscales was performed using Friedman’s test. A p-value cut-off point of 0.05 at 95% CI was used to determine statistical significance.
4.2 Sample
A purposive sample including (120) Partiurent women was selected and recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample was divided equally into two groups, (60) for Physiological pushing (intervention group) compared to (60) for directed pushing (control group).
Data were collected and then analyzed to obtain the objectives. Finally, the results are presented as inferential and descriptive statistics using graphs and tables and organized according to the parts of the questionnaire, which are:
Socio demographic characteristics , maternal & neonatal initial assessment between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups
Table 4.3.1: Socio demographic characteristics between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.3.2: Maternal initial assessment between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups during first stage of labor.
Table 4.3.3 : Neonatal initial assessment between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage on maternal outcomes
Table 4.4.1 : The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage of labor on maternal outcomes.
Table 4.4.2 : Correlation between the age and maternal outcomes among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.4.3 : Correlation between BMI and maternal outcome among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.4.4 : Correlation between Gravida and maternal outcome between participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage on fetal outcomes
Table 4.5.1 : The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage of labor on fetal outcomes.
Table 4.5.2 : Correlation between the age and fetal outcome among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.5.3 : Correlation between BMI and fetal outcomes among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.5.4: Correlation between Gravida and fetal outcome between participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage on level of postpartum maternal fatigue
Table 4.6.1 : Distribution of maternal fatigue levels at the end of first stage, after 1 h and within 24 hours after delivery between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.6.2 : Mean Score of maternal outcomes (fatigue and energy) between physiological and directed technique groups.
Table 4.6.3 : The effect of physiological and directed pushing techniques during the second stage of labor on maternal fatigue at the end of 1st stage, after 1 h and within 24 hours after delivery.
Table 4.6.4 : Correlation between the age and maternal fatigue among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.6.5 : Correlation between BMI and maternal fatigue among participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.6.6 : Correlation between Gravida and maternal fatigue between participants in physiological and directed pushing techniques groups.
Table 4.3.1: Socio demographic characteristics between physiological and directed pushing techniques groups (N=120
Socio demographic Data Physiological
N (%)
(n=60) Directed
N (%)
(n=60) X2 P-value §
Age group
20 – >25 years
25 – >30 years
30 – >35 years
? 35 years 26 (43.3%) 17 (28.3%) 6.520 0.089
22 (36.7%) 22 (36.7%) 10 (16.7%) 12 (20.0%) 02 (03.3%) 09 (15.0%) Educational level
Secondary or below
Bachelor’s degree 28 (46.7%) 40 (66.7%) 4.887 0.027 **
32 (53.3%) 20 (33.3%) BMI level
Normal
Overweight
Obese
Clinically obese 18 (30.0%) 08 (13.3%) 6.538 0.088
24 (40.0%) 23 (38.3%) 12 (20.0%) 18 (30.0%) 06 (10.0%) 11 (18.3%) Place of residence
Inside Makkah
Outside Makkah 59 (98.3%) 53 (88.3%) 4.821 0.028 **
01 (01.7%) 07 (11.7%) Occupational status
Housewife
Employed/Student 52 (86.7%) 50 (83.3%) 0.261 0.609
08 (13.3%) 10 (16.7%) Smoking
Yes
No 03 (05.0%) 02 (03.3%) 0.209 0.648
57 (95.0%) 58 (96.7%) Frequency of smoking (n=5)
Regular
Sometimes 02 (66.7%) 0 (0.0%) 2.222 0.136
01 (33.3%) 02 (100%) Exercise during pregnancy
Yes
No 19 (31.7%) 20 (33.3%) 0.038 0.845
41 (68.3%) 40 (66.7%) Frequency of exercise during pregnancy (n=39)
Regular
Sometimes
Rarely 07 (36.8%) 07 (36.8%) 0.018 0.991
11 (57.9%) 12 (60.0%) 01 (05.3%) 01 (05.0%) Kegel exercise
Yes
No 04 (06.7%) 07 (11.7%) 0.901 0.343
56 (93.3%) 53 (88.3%) Frequency of Kegel exercise (n=11)
Regular
Sometimes 0 (0.0%) 04 (57.1%) 3.592 0.058
04 (100%) 03 (42.9%) * Physiological pushing techniques (Intervention group) and Directed pushing techniques (Control group)
§ P-value has been calculated using Chi-square test.
** Significant at p<0 X2=4.887; p=0.027) X2=4.821; p=0.028).> Figure 4.3.1: Distribution of the study participant regarding physiological and directed pushing techniques groups (N=120)
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